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(Martin Levac @ May 01 2008,2:17)</div><div id="QUOTEHEAD">QUOTE</div><div id="QUOTE">Do you mean to say that a high carb diet does not cause hyperinsulinemia? Do you mean to say that hyperinsulinemia does not cause insulin resistance? Do you mean to say that insulin resistance does not cause obesity or Metabolic Syndrome? Do you mean to say that Metabolic Syndrome does not cause a chronic and acute hunger which, if fed carbs, simply exacerbates the entire hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance/obesity/hunger loop? Or do you mean to say that it's all true but prefer not to take it too seriously?
This is a bodybuilding forum and we would be the first to argue that eating carbohydrate, because of its effect on insulin and because of the effect of insulin on protein uptake, would be a good thing. After all, we want an increased protein uptake so why should we not indulge in eating sugar just for its effect on insulin? I supposed this mechanism works for a while. But insulin resistance builds up over time. And hyperinsulinemia builds up over time. And eventually, the pancreas can't keep up. It can't overcome insulin resistance anymore. That's when things go really bad really quickly.
The alternative is that 66% of US adults overeat because they all have the same weak will. The same psychological problem. The same behavior. Somehow, they decided to eat more as if there was some overeating epidemic. Some psychological problem epidemic that, coincidentally, also caused the same behavioral character flaw: Overeating.
Alright, I'm done with the soapbox too.</div>
<div></div><div id="QUOTEHEAD">QUOTE</div><div id="QUOTE">Your opinion seems to dismiss everything that is known about insulin. </div>No this is obviously how you are taking my statement and not what I have said. Read what is written and do not read "into" what is written. My opinion is that insulin is not this evil substance that some fanatics tend to rave on about. Neither are carbohydrates.
If you would read the research instead of keeping this close minded approach to insulin you may see that hyperinsulinemia may not be the only cause of IR. You may even see that insulin may not be the only cause of obesity or Metabolic syndrome. Here is but a sample of the wealth of knowledge that is available if you ever decide to reach beyond Gary Taubes.
1: Maassen JA, Romijn JA, Heine RJ.
Fatty acid-induced mitochondrial uncoupling in adipocytes as a key protective
factor against insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction: do adipocytes
consume sufficient amounts of oxygen to oxidise fatty acids?
Diabetologia. 2008 May;51(5):907-8. Epub 2008 Mar 4. No abstract available.
PMID: 18317722 [PubMed - in process]
2: Chess DJ, Stanley WC.
Role of diet and fuel overabundance in the development and progression of heart
failure.
Cardiovasc Res. 2008 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18343896 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
3: Carpentier AC.
Postprandial fatty acid metabolism in the development of lipotoxicity and type 2
diabetes.
Diabetes Metab. 2008 Apr;34(2):97-107. Epub 2008 Mar 18.
PMID: 18353699 [PubMed - in process]
4: Wells GD, Noseworthy MD, Hamilton J, Tarnopolski M, Tein I.
Skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 Mar;35(1):31-40. Review.
PMID: 18380275 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Mittra S, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK.
From a glucocentric to a lipocentric approach towards metabolic syndrome.
Drug Discov Today. 2008 Mar;13(5-6):211-8. Epub 2008 Mar 7.
PMID: 18342796 [PubMed - in process]
6: Civitarese AE, Ravussin E.
Mitochondrial energetics and insulin resistance.
Endocrinology. 2008 Mar;149(3):950-4. Epub 2008 Jan 17. Review.
PMID: 18202132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR.
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance.
Circ Res. 2008 Feb 29;102(4):401-14. Review.
PMID: 18309108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Phielix E, Mensink M.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Function.
Physiol Behav. 2008 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18342897 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
9: Guo Z.
Intramyocellular lipids: maker vs. marker of insulin resistance.
Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):625-9. Epub 2007 Sep 4.
PMID: 17766054 [PubMed - in process]
10: van Herpen NA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB.
Lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue and lipotoxicity.
Physiol Behav. 2007 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18222498 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
11: Nabben M, Hoeks J.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 and its role in cardiac- and skeletal muscle
metabolism.
Physiol Behav. 2007 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18191161 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
12: Jucker BM, Yang D, Casey WM, Olzinski AR, Williams C, Lenhard SC, Legos JJ,
Hawk CT, Sarkar SK, Newsholme SJ.
Selective PPARdelta agonist treatment increases skeletal muscle lipid metabolism
without altering mitochondrial energy coupling: an in vivo magnetic resonance
spectroscopy study.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;293(5):E1256-64. Epub 2007 Aug 28.
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13: Guldstrand MC, Simberg CL.
High-fat diets: healthy or unhealthy?
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14: Sinitskaya N, Gourmelen S, Schuster-Klein C, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Pévet P,
Challet E.
Increasing the fat-to-carbohydrate ratio in a high-fat diet prevents the
development of obesity but not a prediabetic state in rats.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2007 Nov;113(10):417-25.
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All metabolic roads lead to mitochondrial (dys)-function.
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PMID: 18089944 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Yaspelkis BB 3rd, Lessard SJ, Reeder DW, Limon JJ, Saito M, Rivas DA, Kvasha
I, Hawley JA.
Exercise reverses high-fat diet-induced impairments on compartmentalization and
activation of components of the insulin-signaling cascade in skeletal muscle.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;293(4):E941-9. Epub 2007 Jul 10.
PMID: 17623749 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Boudina S, Sena S, Theobald H, Sheng X, Wright JJ, Hu XX, Aziz S, Johnson JI,
Bugger H, Zaha VG, Abel ED.
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evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling
proteins.
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PMID: 17623815 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Medina-Gomez G, Gray S, Vidal-Puig A.
Adipogenesis and lipotoxicity: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
gamma (PPARgamma) and PPARgammacoactivator-1 (PGC1).
Public Health Nutr. 2007 Oct;10(10A):1132-7. Review.
PMID: 17903321 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Helge JW, Bentley D, Schjerling P, Willer M, Gibala MJ, Franch J,
Tapia-Laliena MA, Daugaard JR, Andersen JL.
Four weeks one-leg training and high fat diet does not alter PPARalpha protein or
mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Sep;101(1):105-14. Epub 2007 May 26.
PMID: 17530276 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Dube JJ, Bhatt BA, Dedousis N, Bonen A, O'Doherty RM.
Leptin, skeletal muscle lipids, and lipid-induced insulin resistance.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Aug;293(2):R642-50. Epub 2007 May 9.
PMID: 17491114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Toledo FG, Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Azuma K, Radikova Z, DeLany J, Kelley DE.
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relationship with glucose control in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes. 2007 Aug;56(8):2142-7. Epub 2007 May 29.
PMID: 17536063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
24: Heilbronn LK, Gregersen S, Shirkhedkar D, Hu D, Campbell LV.
Impaired fat oxidation after a single high-fat meal in insulin-sensitive
nondiabetic individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes. 2007 Aug;56(8):2046-53. Epub 2007 Apr 24.
PMID: 17456847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Guo ZK.
Intramyocellular lipid kinetics and insulin resistance.
Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Jul 24;6:18. Review.
PMID: 17650308 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Noland RC, Thyfault JP, Henes ST, Whitfield BR, Woodlief TL, Evans JR, Lust
JA, Britton SL, Koch LG, Dudek RW, Dohm GL, Cortright RN, Lust RM.
Artificial selection for high-capacity endurance running is protective against
high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;293(1):E31-41. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
PMID: 17341547 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Alevizos I, Misra J, Bullen J, Basso G, Kelleher J, Mantzoros C,
Stephanopoulos G.
Linking hepatic transcriptional changes to high-fat diet induced physiology for
diabetes-prone and obese-resistant mice.
Cell Cycle. 2007 Jul 1;6(13):1631-8. Epub 2007 May 1.
PMID: 17603298 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Berndt J, Kovacs P, Ruschke K, Klöting N, Fasshauer M, Schön MR, Körner A,
Stumvoll M, Blüher M.
Fatty acid synthase gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with
obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetologia. 2007 Jul;50(7):1472-80. Epub 2007 May 11.
PMID: 17492427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Ferrell RE, Azuma K, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE.
Characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis induced by
moderate-intensity exercise and weight loss in obesity.
J Appl Physiol. 2007 Jul;103(1):21-7. Epub 2007 Mar 1.
PMID: 17332268 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Choi CS, Fillmore JJ, Kim JK, Liu ZX, Kim S, Collier EF, Kulkarni A,
Distefano A, Hwang YJ, Kahn M, Chen Y, Yu C, Moore IK, Reznick RM, Higashimori T,
Shulman GI.
Overexpression of uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle protects against
fat-induced insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest. 2007 Jul;117(7):1995-2003.
PMID: 17571165 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Qatanani M, Lazar MA.
Mechanisms of obesity-associated insulin resistance: many choices on the menu.
Genes Dev. 2007 Jun 15;21(12):1443-55. Review.
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32: Østergård T, Jessen N, Schmitz O, Mandarino LJ.
The effect of exercise, training, and inactivity on insulin sensitivity in
diabetics and their relatives: what is new?
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Jun;32(3):541-8. Review.
PMID: 17510695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Schenk S, Horowitz JF.
Acute exercise increases triglyceride synthesis in skeletal muscle and prevents
fatty acid-induced insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest. 2007 Jun;117(6):1690-8. Epub 2007 May 17.
PMID: 17510709 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Caldwell SH, Ikura Y, Iezzoni JC, Liu Z.
Has natural selection in human populations produced two types of metabolic
syndrome (with and without fatty liver)?
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;22 Suppl 1:S11-9. Review.
PMID: 17567458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Maffeis C, Castellani M.
Physical activity: an effective way to control weight in children?
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007 Jun;17(5):394-408. Epub 2007 Mar 2. Review.
PMID: 17336508 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Befroy DE, Petersen KF, Dufour S, Mason GF, de Graaf RA, Rothman DL, Shulman
GI.
Impaired mitochondrial substrate oxidation in muscle of insulin-resistant
offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetes. 2007 May;56(5):1376-81. Epub 2007 Feb 7.
PMID: 17287462 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A.
Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2169-80. Review.
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38: Steinberg GR.
Inflammation in obesity is the common link between defects in fatty acid
metabolism and insulin resistance.
Cell Cycle. 2007 Apr 15;6(8):888-94. Epub 2007 Apr 11. Review.
PMID: 17438370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Guo W, Pirtskhalava T, Tchkonia T, Xie W, Thomou T, Han J, Wang T, Wong S,
Cartwright A, Hegardt FG, Corkey BE, Kirkland JL.
Aging results in paradoxical susceptibility of fat cell progenitors to
lipotoxicity.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;292(4):E1041-51. Epub 2006 Dec 5.
PMID: 17148751 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Boushel R, Gnaiger E, Schjerling P, Skovbro M, Kraunsøe R, Dela F.
Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal
muscle.
Diabetologia. 2007 Apr;50(4):790-6. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
PMID: 17334651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Hawley JA, Lessard SJ.
Mitochondrial function: use it or lose it.
Diabetologia. 2007 Apr;50(4):699-702. No abstract available.
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42: Heilbronn LK, Gan SK, Turner N, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ.
Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism are lower in overweight and
obese insulin-resistant subjects.
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43: Corcoran MP, Lamon-Fava S, Fielding RA.
Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: effect of dietary fatty
acids and exercise.
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44: Nishikawa T, Araki E.
Impact of mitochondrial ROS production in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
and its complications.
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Free fatty acids and insulin resistance.
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46: Conley KE, Amara CE, Jubrias SA, Marcinek DJ.
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47: Sreekumar R, Nair KS.
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction & diabetes.
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48: Civitarese AE, Carling S, Heilbronn LK, Hulver MH, Ukropcova B, Deutsch WA,
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Calorie restriction increases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in healthy humans.
PLoS Med. 2007 Mar;4(3):e76.
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49: Thyfault JP, Cree MG, Zheng D, Zwetsloot JJ, Tapscott EB, Koves TR, Ilkayeva
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Contraction of insulin-resistant muscle normalizes insulin action in association
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50: Schrauwen P.
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